• Strategy and governance shape corporate innovation outcomes through control mechanisms, diversification, and ownership structures. Across firms, stockholder dominance and diversified governance influence research and development (R&D) intensity, project choice, and profitability in research-intensive settings [2], [16], [4], [19], [20].

• Firm size, organizational form, and market context condition who innovates and how much. Large vs. small firms show different patterns of innovation, varying between product and process emphasis, with cross-sector variation in the issuance of innovations relative to resources [1], [12], [8], [15], [13].

• New product development processes, evaluation criteria, and decision frameworks guide how innovations are conceived, selected, and brought to market. A two-dimensional technology-newness lens, project success rules, and practical guides appear across technology-based firms and general manufacturing [7], [3], [14], [6], [5].

• Corporate entrepreneurship and internal venturing examine how firms foster innovation through internal structures and entrepreneurial activity. Internal corporate joint ventures, organizational design, and entrepreneurship within large firms relate to R&D efficiency, project outcomes, and strategic renewal [20], [18], [9], [17].